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Mysql 一主一从

1. 主从原理

1.1 主从介绍

所谓 mysql 主从就是建立两个完全一样的数据库,其中一个为主要使用的数据库,另一个为次要的数据库,一般在企业中,存放比较重要的数据的数据库服务器需要配置主从,这样可以防止因数据库服务器宕机导致数据丢失,还能保证业务量太多、数据太多和访问人数太多时服务的质量(服务器响应速度),还能提供故障切换、读写分离、和备份等等功能

1.2 主从作用

  • 实时灾备,用于故障切换
  • 读写分离,提供查询服务
  • 备份,避免影响业务

1.3 主从形式

Mysql 一主一从

一主一从

主主复制:当作备份使用,当主服务器出现故障时,另一个主服务器会自动顶上。

一主多从:用来实现读写分离,当写操作较少时,读操作较多时使用,主服务器用来实现写操作,从服务器用来实现读操作。

多主一从:用来实现读写分离,当写操作较多时,读操作较少时使用,主服务器用来实现写操作,从服务器用来实现读操作。5.7 开始支持

联级复制:是指从主场地复制过来的又从该场地再次复制到其他场地,即 A 场地把数据复制到 B 场地,B 场地又把这些数据或其中部分数据再复制到其他场地。

1.4 主从复制原理

Mysql 一主一从

主从复制步骤:

  • 主库将所有的写操作记录到 binlog 日志中并生成一个 log dump 线程,将 binlog 日志传给从库的 I/O 线程
  • 从库生成两个线程,一个 I/O 线程,一个 SQL 线程
    • I/O 线程去请求主库的 binlog,并将得到的 binlog 日志写到 relay log(中继日志) 文件中
    • SQL 线程,会读取 relay log 文件中的日志,并解析成具体操作,来实现主从的操作一致,达到最终数据一致的目的

2. 主从复制配置

主从复制配置步骤:

  1. 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

  2. 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

  3. 配置主数据库(修改配置文件)

  4. 配置从数据库(修改配置文件)

需求:
搭建两台 MySQL 服务器,一台作为主服务器,一台作为从服务器,主服务器进行写操作,从服务器进行读操作

环境说明:

数据库角色	IP	应用与系统版本	有无数据
主数据库	192.168.23.4	Centos7.8 mysql-5.7	有数据
从数据库	192.168.23.5	Centos7.8 mysql-5.7	无数据

2.1Mysql安装

注意:需把安装包分别上传到两台服务器上分别执行下列命令进行安装

[root@localhost soft]# yum remove mysql-libs
[root@localhost soft]# rpm -qa | grep mariadb

进行安装

将下载好的mysql-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar上传

安装相应软件
[root@localhost soft]# yum install -y openssl-devel.x86_64 openssl.x86_64 yum install -y libaio.x86_64 libaio-devel.x86_64 yum install -y perl.x86_64 perl-devel.x86_64 yum install -y perl-JSON.noarch yum install -y autoconf yum install -y wget yum install -y net-tools

关闭防火墙
[root@localhost soft]# systemctl stop firewalld
[root@localhost soft]# systemctl disable firewalld


解压软件包:
[root@localhost soft]# tar -xvf mysql-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm-bundle.tar

Mysql 一主一从

[root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-common-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-libs-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-client-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-server-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhostsoft]#rpm -ivh mysql-community-embedded-compat-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-devel-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost soft]# rpm -ivh mysql-community-test-5.7.22-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
查看安装版本:
[root@localhost soft]# mysql -V

Mysql 一主一从

编辑配置文件

vim /etc/my.cnf

#跳过登录验证  无需密码即可登录mysql

skip-grant-tables

# 设置默认字符集UTF-8

character_set_server=utf8

collation-server=utf8_general_ci

# 设置默认字符集UTF-8

init_connect=\'SET NAMES utf8\'

# 设置数据库日志过期天数为14天

server_id=1

expire_logs_days=14

[client]

default-character-set=utf8

##添加
skip-grant-tables
character_set_server=utf8
collation-server=utf8_general_ci
init_connect=\'SET NAMES utf8\'
server_id=1
expire_logs_days=14
[client]
default-character-set=utf8

Mysql 一主一从

启动mysql
[root@localhost soft]# systemctl start mysqld.service
[root@localhost soft]# systemctl status mysqld

Mysql 一主一从

获取mysql的root用户的初始密码
[root@localhost soft]# grep \'temporary password\' /var/log/mysqld.log

Mysql 一主一从

以获取mysql的root用户的初始密码登录数据库
[root@localhost soft]# mysql -u root -pAcqWlI64o:kG

Mysql 一主一从

修改root密码
mysql> flush privileges;
mysql> set password for root@localhost=password(\'123456\');
使密码即时生效
mysql> flush privileges;
允许以root身份远程登录mysql
mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to root@\'%\' identified by \"123456\";
mysql> flush privileges;

2.2 mysql 主从配置

2.2.1 确保从数据库于主数据库的数据一样

为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样,先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中

//主库为master
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname master
[root@localhost ~]# bash
[root@master ~]# 

Mysql 一主一从

//从库为slave
[root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname slave
[root@localhost ~]# bash
[root@slave ~]# 

Mysql 一主一从

//先查看主库有哪些库
[root@master soft]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e‘show databases;\'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
//在查看从库
[root@slave soft]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e‘show databases;\'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

//全备主库 //全备主库时需要另开一个终端,给数据库加上读锁,避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致

mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) 
//此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出
//备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@master soft]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --all-databases > /opt/acc-2022.sql;
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master ~]# ls /opt/

Mysql 一主一从 

[root@master soft]# scp /opt/acc-2022.sql root@192.168.23.5:/opt/ 

Mysql 一主一从

//解除主库的锁表状态,直接退出交互式界面即可 
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@master ~]# 

//在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库,确保与主库一致
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 < /opt/acc-2022.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e\'show databases\';
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
[root@slave ~]#

Mysql 一主一从

2.2.3 配置主数据库

[root@master soft]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//在[mysql]这段后面添加
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock 
log-bin=mysql-bin //添加 启用binlog日志
server-id=1  //添加 数据库服务器唯一标识符,主库的server-id值必须比从库的小
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks symbolic-links=0 
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log 
pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid 

Mysql 一主一从

//重启数主库的mysql服务
[root@master soft]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@master soft]# ss -anlt
State      Recv-Q Send-Q                              Local Address:Port                                             Peer Address:Port
LISTEN     0      128                                             *:22                                                          *:*
LISTEN     0      128                                          [::]:22                                                       [::]:*
LISTEN     0      80                                           [::]:3306                                                     [::]:*
[root@master soft]#


//查看主库状态
[root@master soft]# mysql -uroot -p123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \\g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type \'help;\' or \'\\h\' for help. Type \'\\c\' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000001 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

Mysql 一主一从

2.2.4 配置从数据库

[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//在[mysql]这段后面添加 
datadir=/var/lib/mysql 
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock 
server-id=2  //添加 从库的server-id比主库的大 
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin  //添加 
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks 
symbolic-links=0
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid

Mysql 一主一从

//重启mysql服务
[root@slave ~]# systemctl restart mysqld
[root@slave ~]# ss -anlt
State      Recv-Q Send-Q                              Local Address:Port                                             Peer Address:Port
LISTEN     0      128                                             *:22                                                          *:*
LISTEN     0      128                                          [::]:22                                                       [::]:*
LISTEN     0      80                                           [::]:3306                                                     [::]:*
[root@slave ~]#


//配置并启动主从复制
[root@slave ~]# mysql -u root -p123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \\g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type \'help;\' or \'\\h\' for help. Type \'\\c\' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> change master to
    -> master_host=\'192.168.23.4\',
    -> master_user=\'hqd\',
    -> master_password=\'123456\',
    -> master_log_file=\'mysql-bin.000001\',
    -> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.03 sec)

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>
//查看服务器状态
mysql> show slave status \\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 192.168.23.4
                  Master_User: hqd
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
               Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000004
                Relay_Log_Pos: 367
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB:
          Replicate_Ignore_DB:

Mysql 一主一从

3 测试验证

在主服务器创建‘hqd’名称的库 查看从服务器是否同步
mysql> create database hqd;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hqd                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>

Mysql 一主一从

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \\g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type \'help;\' or \'\\h\' for help. Type \'\\c\' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hqd                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

Mysql 一主一从


来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/Jqazc/p/16618696.html
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